Tugas Sejarah, SMP DEK

Tugas Sejarah, SMP DEK

 

• Give a brief explanations about their policy and invention for each oh them:
  
  
  
  
  • Herman William Daendels
  • Thomas Stamford Raffles
  •  Van Den Bosch
  •  Multatuli
  • Conrad Theodore Van Deventer
  • Van der Cappellen
  • Willem Janssen

1.      Herman William Daendels

Herman Willem Daendels , He as the eighth child of 13 siblings . He was Governor - General of the Dutch East Indies 36th . He was Governor - General of the Dutch East Indies 36th . His father named Burchard Johan Daendels and Josina Christina Tulleken is his mother . His father named Burchard Johan Daendels and Josina Christina Tulleken is his mother . Daendels was a governor general who ordered the construction of the highway heading . Daendels was a governor general who ordered the construction of the highway heading . Daendels is cruel to people known as the general Guntur , Guntur Mas , Iron Marshal , even in West Java, he was known as Mas Galak . Daendels is cruel to people known as the general Guntur , Guntur Mas , Iron Marshal , even in West Java , he was known as Mas Galak . In hand , thousands of Indonesian people die. In hand , Welcome to Thunderbird Indonesian people die . Due to the construction of the highway heading , so his name worldwide . Due to the construction of the highway heading , so his name worldwide .Daendels appointed Governor -General of the Dutch East Indies in 1808 by the King of Holland , Louis Napoleon who is the younger brother of the French Emperor , Napoleon Bonaparte who was appointed Governor - occupied Belanda.Daendels General of the Dutch East Indies in 1808 by the King of Holland , Louis Napoleon who is the younger brother of the French Emperor , Napoleon Bonaparte , who was occupying the Netherlands . Daendels landed in Anyer on January 5, 1808 and replaced the Governor -General Albertus Wiese . Daendels landed in Anyer on January 5 , 1808 and replaced the Governor - General Albertus Wiese . Daendels was assigned primarily to protect Java from attack British troops . Daendels was assigned primarily to protect Java from attack British Troops . Java is the only Dutch - French colonies who have not fallen into British hands after the Isle de France and Mauritius in 1807 . Java is the only Dutch - French colonies who have not fallen into British hands after the Isle de France and Mauritius in 1807.Daendels to go to Batavia from Anyer to take time during the four- day trip by train . Daendels to go to Batavia from Anyer to take time during the four - day trip by train . He also moved the seat of government of the Dutch East Indies Batavia ( around the Old City area now ) to Weltevreden ( Banteng Square and surrounding areas ) . He also moved the seat of government of the Dutch East Indies Batavia ( around the Old City area now ) to Weltevreden ( Banteng Square and surrounding areas ) . In contrast to what people believe as long as this , during the reign indeed Daendels ordered the construction of roads in Java, but it is not done from Anyer to Panarukan . In contrast to what people believe as long as this , during the reign indeed Daendels ordered the construction of roads in Java , but it is not done from Anyer to Panarukan . Between Anyer and Batavia roads already exist when Daendels arrived . Between Anyer and Batavia roads already exist when Daendels arrived . Therefore, according to van het Nederlandsch Indie Plakaatboek vol 14 , Daendels began to build a road from Buitenzorg towards Cisarua and so on up to Sumedang . Therefore , According to van het Nederlandsch Indie Plakaatboek vol 14 , Daendels Began to build a road from Buitenzorg towards Cisarua and so on up to Sumedang . Construction began in May 1808. Construction Began in May 1808. The rest , for 850 miles along the road he commanded the government forces in the country to deploy Java sweatshop workers . The rest , for 850 miles along the road he commanded the government forces in the country to deploy Java sweatshop workers .Daendels are adherents of the ideals of the French Revolution : " Freedom , equality and brotherhood " . Daendels are Adherents of the ideals of the French Revolution : " Freedom , equality and brotherhood " . But , as a revolutionary ruler , he was a ruthless dictator . But , as a revolutionary ruler , he was a ruthless dictator . Slavery not forbidden but allowed to go ahead . Slavery not forbidden but allowed to go ahead . Because the cause of suffering and hatred of the people of Indonesia, Daendels behavior has led to many complaints to Louis Napoleon in 1811 until he was called home by JW Janssens . Because the cause of Suffering and hatred of the people of Indonesia , Daendels behavior has led to many complaints to Louis Napoleon in 1811 until he was called home by JW Janssens . Ended his career as Governor General of the Dutch East Indies . Ended his career as Governor General of the Dutch East Indies .After the fall of Napoleon due to losing the battle at Waterloo , Belgium , Daendels serve the King Willem I do not really believe in the old patriot and send Daendels as Governor to the Gold Coast in Africa . After the fall of Napoleon due to losing the battle at Waterloo , Belgium , Daendels serve the King Willem I do not really believe in the old patriot and send Daendels as Governor to the Gold Coast in Africa . There he tersaing , loneliness and died in 1818 . There he tersaing , loneliness and died in 1818.It is said that the famous Dutch matig ( mediocre ) , not revolutionary , so the turmoil of the revolution 18th century until the 19th century did not attract much attention of historians . It is said that the famous Dutch matig ( mediocre ) , not revolutionary , so the turmoil of the revolution 18th century until the 19th century did not Attract much attention of Historians . Therefore, until the year 1991, the 4th largest city in the Netherlands there is only one public road that bears his name . Therefore , until the year 1991 , the 4th largest city in the Netherlands there is only one public road that bears his name .In Jakarta Tale , American author Willard A figure depicts Hanna Daendels.In Jakarta Tale , American author Willard A figure depicts Hanna Daendels . Farmers who know him consider it as a scourge . Farmers who know him consider it as a Scourge . The traditional rulers think of it as a tyrant . The traditional rulers think of it as a tyrant . Being the Dutch in Batavia regard as traitors , people who doubt and purchased by Napoleon . Being the Dutch in Batavia regard as traitors , people who doubt and purchased by Napoleon . Dutch people even prefer to be governed by English katimbang France . Dutch people even prefer to be governed by English katimbang France . I was so loyal to Napoleon , he never fly the French flag in Batavia . I was so loyal to Napoleon , he never fly the French flag in Batavia .Daendels in Javanese history has ended with his withdrawal from office in 1811 , or nearly two centuries lalu.Daendels in Javanese history has ended with his withdrawal from office in 1811 , or nearly two centuries ago . However , his name as a renowned tyrant until now . However , his name as a renowned tyrant until now . Highway made ​​also remains an example of the violence lies the heart planners. Highway made ​​also remains an example of the violence lies the heart planners . The long road that crosses the mountains , through the woods balantara , steep ravines , and valleys long beach that stretches . The long road that crosses the mountains , through the woods balantara , steep ravines , and valleys long beach that stretches .
  

2.Sir Stamford Raffles

AKA Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles

English administrator, the founder of Singapore, was born on the 5th of July 1781 on board a merchantman commanded by his father, Benjamin Raffles, when off Port Morant, Jamaica. He received his early education at a school at Hammersmith, but when only fourteen he obtained temporary work in the secretary's office of the East India Company. In 1800 he was appointed junior clerk on the establishment. In 1805 the East India Company decided to make Penang a regular presidency, and sent out a governor with a large staff, including Stamford Raffles, who was appointed assistant-secretary. On the eve of his departure he married Mrs. Fancourt (Olivia Mariamne Devenish), widow of a surgeon on the Madras Establishment; she proved herself a helpful wife and counsellor to her husband in his rapid rise to fortune during the following nine years, dying prematurely in Java in November 1814. On his way out to Penang, Raffles began the study of the Malay language, and had mastered its grammar before his arrival. He continued his studies, finding a congenial fellow-worker and kindred spirit in John Leyden, who was invalided to Penang. In August 1806 Raffles was appointed acting secretary during the illness of that official, and in 1807 he received the full appointment. In the meantime he had acted as Malay interpreter, which entailed heavy and unappreciated work in addition to his regular duties. In 1808 his health gave way, and he was ordered for a change to Malacca. This proved a turning-point in his career. The East India Company had decided to abandon Malacca, and orders had been issued to dismantle it. Raffles perfected his study of Malay during his stay at this place, and learning from the Malays, with whom he mixed freely, that the abandonment of so important a position would be a grave fault, he drew up a report explaining the great importance of Malacca, and urging in the strongest manner its retention. This report was sent by the Penang authorities not only to London, but to the governor-general, the earl of Minto. The latter was so impressed by the report that he at once gave orders for suspending the evacuation of Malacca, and in 1809 the company decided to reverse its own decision. When the whole question was calmly considered in the light of subsequent events, many years later, the verdict was that Raffles had "prevented the alienation of Malacca from the British Crown." A direct correspondence with Lord Minto was established by the mediation of Leyden, who wrote to Raffles that the governor-general would be gratified in receiving communications direct from him. In June 1810 Raffles, of his own accord, proceeded to Calcutta, where Lord Minto gave him the kindest reception. Raffles remained four months in Calcutta, and gained the complete confidence of the governor-general. He brought Lord Minto around to his opinion that the conquest of the island of Java, then in the hands of the French, was an imperative necessity. To prepare the way for the expedition, Raffles was sent to Malacca as "agent to the Governor-General with the Malay States." He did his work well and thoroughly -- even to the extent of discovering that the short and direct route to Batavia by the Caramata passage would be safe for the fleet. In August 1811 the expedition, accompanied by Lord Minto, and with Sir Samuel Auchmuty in command of the troops (11,000 in number, half English and half Indian), occupied Batavia without fighting. On the 25th of the same month a battle was fought at Cornelis, a few miles south of Batavia, and resulted in a complete English victory. On the 18th of September the French commander, General Janssens, formally capitulated at Samarang, and the conquest of the island was completed. Lord Minto's first act was to appoint Raffles lieutenant-governor of Java. From September 1811 until his departure for England in March 1816, Raffles ruled this large island with conspicuous success and the most gratifying results. To give only one fact in support of this statement, he increased the revenue eightfold at the same time that he abolished transit dues, reduced port dues to one-third and removed the fetters imposed on trade and intercourse with the Javanese by Dutch officialdom. In his own words, his administration aimed at being "not only without fear, but without reproach." He had a still greater ambition, which was in his own words, "to make Java the center of an Eastern insular Empire", and to establish the closest relations of friendship and alliance with the Japanese, whom he described as "a highly polished people, considerably advanced in science, highly inquisitive and full of penetration." It is interesting to note that when another great Englishman, Rajah Brooke, began his career in Sarawak in 1838, he announced: "I go to carry Sir Stamford Raffles's views in Java over the whole Archipelago."

The policy of Raffles was based on the assumption that Java would be retained, but for reasons of European policy it was decided that it must be restored to Holland. After his return to England in 1816 he endeavored to obtain a reconsideration of the question, but the decision taken was embodied in a treaty and beyond all possibility of modification. During his stay in England Raffles was knighted by the prince regent, published his History of Java (1817) and discussed with Sir Joseph Banks a project for the foundation in London of a zoological museum and garden on the model of the Jardin des Plantes at Paris. He also married his second wife, Sophia, daughter of T. W. Hull of Co. Down; he had many children by both marriages, but the only one to live beyond childhood was a daughter, who died fifteen years after her father's death, and before she was twenty. He left, therefore, no direct descendants.

In November 1817 Sir Stamford quitted England on his return to the East, where the lieutenant-governorship of Fort Marlborough (Sumatra) had been kept in reserve for him. His administration of Sumatra, which lasted from March 1818 until December 1823, was characterized by the same breadth of view, consistency of purpose and energy in action that had made his government of Java remarkable. He had not, however, done with the Dutch, who, on their recovery of Java, endeavored to establish a complete control over the Eastern archipelago, and to oust British trade. This design Sir Stamford set himself to baffle, and although he was more frequently censured than praised by his superiors for his efforts, he had already met with no inconsiderable success in minor matters when, by a stroke of genius and unrivalled statecraft, he stopped for all time the Dutch project of a mare clausum by the acquisition and founding of Singapore on the 29th of January 1819.

In 1824 Sir Stamford returned to England, but unfortunately the differences between him and the East India Company had resulted in an accumulation of disputes which placed a severe strain on his enfeebled constitution. The memorials and statements that he had to compile for his own vindication would fill a large volume, but at last the court passed (12th of April 1826) a formal decision in his favor. It did not omit, however, to censure him for "his precipitate and unauthorized emancipation of the Company's slaves", or after his death to make his widow pay £10,000 for various items, which included the expense of his mission to found Singapore! Harassed as he was by these personal affairs, he still found time to carry out his original scheme with regard to a zoological society in London. He took the largest part in the creation of the existing society, and his fine Sumatra collection formed its endowment. He was unanimously elected its president at the first meeting, and by a remarkable unanimity of opinion on the part of those who helped in the work, he has been recognized as the Founder of the Zoological Society. He was contemplating entering parliamentary life when his sudden death on his birthday 1826, ended his brilliant career at the early age of forty-five. Sir Frederick Weld, lieutenant-governor at Singapore, when unveiling the statue of his predecessor at that place in 1887, crystallized the thoughts of his countrymen and anticipated the verdict of history in a single sentence: "In Raffles, England had one of her greatest sons."

Father: Benjamin Raffles
Wife: Olivia Mariamne Devenish (m. 1805, d. 1814)
Wife: Sophia

3.     Van Den Bosch

 

 

The common red line that runs through the series, are the structures and empowerment within human relationships. ‘Power play’ within relations has always been known for winners and losers, and overall almost everybody has experienced this or will do in life. It is about feeling the sadness when you are in the role of the loser, and the other party is exposing you to ‘dating-down’.

In general, it refers to the energy released in the human interaction processes that are known in daily life. Cynicism and awesome happiness, melancholy and stressful hyperactivity, deeply love and oppression, domination and arrogance and epic madness and absurdity – feelings that are expressed in case of inappropriate reactions to interpersonal contact and where extensive interaction processes arise in which  ’staying close to the essential of yourself’ is denied. The pressure that is felt in some cases can lead to ‘loss of self’ in a profound stage.

Within a defined period of certain days – several times a month – I prepare a photo shoot in a studio environment in a place or location in or outside the Netherlands and in which I get influenced by the materials that are offered by its surroundings. Much time is spent on preparing the works and often, even when all the resources and materials are available, it takes a few extra days before the actual shooting will start.

The technique that is used for the post-processing of the images is a time consuming matter but also a moment of reflection in which moderate images are produced absorbing the heart of the theme. Also guidance is given by taking the view of the observer which is crucial in the abstraction of the images.

Through various media such as paint, ethanol, gouache and copied materials various large format images (up to 3×4 meters) are produced, that are affected by time-sensitive influences. Some images refer to conflict and instability by their monumental size and sculptural forms as memories or moments in time. However, also jaded and lost images can be found that were stored for decades and were rotting, which refers to the impermanence of the individual and his everyday worries. Over a working period of several weeks the layers of these images are macerated with ethanol. Literally these large size images are putting these processes between people even more under a magnifying glass. At the same time I put myself by use of this format on a pedestal where the observer can question mark how I could have been part in these processes and thereby forced to reflect how this can have affects on their life and how you by yourself participate in these processes.

4. Multatuli

 

Multatuli(Eduard Douwes Dekker)

Eduard Douwes Dekker ,better known by his pen name Multatuli (from Latin multa tuli, "I have carried much"), was a Dutch writer famous for his satirical novel, Max Havelaar (1860), which denounced the abuses of colonialism in the Dutch East Indies (today'sIndonesia).

Dekker was born in Amsterdam. His father, a ship's captain, intended his son for trade, but this humdrum prospect disgusted him, and in 1838 he went out to Java and obtained a post as a civil servant. He moved from one posting to another, until, in 1851, he became assistant-resident atAmbon, in the Moluccas. In 1857 he was transferred to Lebak, in the Bantam residency of Java (nowBanten province). By this time, however, all the secrets of Dutch administration were known to him, and he had begun to openly protest about the abuses of the colonial system. Consequently he was threatened with dismissal from his office for his openness of speech. Dekker resigned his appointment and returned to the Netherlands.

He was determined to expose in detail the scandals he had witnessed, and he began to do so in newspaper articles and pamphlets. Little notice, however, was taken of his protestations until, in 1860, he published his novel Max Havelaar under the pseudonym of Multatuli. Dekker's new pseudonym, which is derived from Latin, means, "I have suffered much", or, more literally "I have borne much" referring to himself, as well as, it is thought, to the victims of the injustices he saw. An attempt was made to suppress the inflammatory book, but in vain; it was read all over Europe. Colonialist apologists accused Dekker's horrific depictions of being hyperbolic. Multatuli now began his literary career, and published Love Letters (1861), which, in spite of their mild title, were mordant, unsparing satires.

Although the literary merit of Multatuli's work was widely criticised, he received an unexpected and most valuable ally in Carel Vosmaer who published a book (The Sower 1874) praising him. He continued to write much, and to publish his miscellanies in uniform volumes called Ideas, of which seven appeared between 1862 and 1877 and also contain his novel Woutertje Pieterse.

Dekker left Holland, and went to live in Ingelheim am Rhein near Mainz, where he made several attempts to write for the stage. One of his pieces, The School for Princes (published in 1875 in the fourth volume of Ideas), expresses his non-conformist views on politics, society and religion. He moved his residence to Nieder Ingelheim, on the Rhine, where he died in 1887.Dekker had been one of Sigmund Freud’s favourite writers. He heads the list of ‘ten good books’ which Freud drew up in 1907.

In June 2002, the Dutch Maatschappij der Nederlandse Letterkunde (Society for Dutch Literature) proclaimed Multatuli the most important Dutch writer of all time. Multatuli's brother, Jan Douwes Dekker, is a grandfather of Ernest Douwes Dekker (also known as Danudirja Setiabudi, an Indonesian National hero).

 5.     Conrad Theodore van Deventer

Conrad Theodor (Coen) van Deventer ,he was a Dutch lawyer, an author about the Dutch East Indies and a member of parliament of the Netherlands. He became known as the spokesman of the Dutch Ethical Policy Movement. He lived atSurinamestraat 20, The Hague (1903-1915), former residence of John Ricus Couperus, his son writerLouis Couperus and the rest of his family (1884-1902).

Van Deventer was a son of Christiaan Julius van Deventer and Anne Marie Busken Huet. His uncle was the writer Conrad Busken Huet. He married Elisabeth Maria Louise Maas; they had no children. Van Deventer attended the H.B.S. in Deventer and studied law at Leiden University. He achieved hisdoctorate in September 1879 on the thesis: "Zijn naar de grondwet onze koloniën delen van het rijk" ("are, according to the constitution, our colonies part of the Dutch empire"). On August 20, 1880 he was made available to the Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies by the Ministry of Colonies to be appointed as civil service official. With his wife Van Deventer travelled in September 1880 toBatavia by steamboat Prins Hendrik; he was appointed court clerk at the Raad van Justitie (Council of Justice) at Amboina in December 1880. As early as 1881 Van Deventer was already seen by the public as an authority in the case of the issue of the economic position of the Dutch East Indies in relation to motherland the Netherlands. In lectures held during meetings of the "Indisch Genootschap" ("Indies Institute") his opinion on this matter was presented as very important

In June 1882 Van Deventer was appointed court clerk at the "Landraden" (land boards) of Amboina,Saparua and Wahoo; he was also appointed auditeur militair (a legal position) at the court-martial in Amboina. In March 1883 he was appointed member of the Council of Justice in Semarang and that same year he wrote a series of articles in the Soerabaijasch Handelsblad, under de title Gedichten van F.L. Hemkes (poetry by F.L. Hemkes; Frederik Leonardus Hemkes was a Dutch poet, who lived in South-Africa (1854-1887)^.  Van Deventer wrote in February 1884 an article in "Het Indisch Weekblad voor het Recht" (The Dutch Indies Journal of Law), called De Indische Militairen en het Koninklijke Besluit van 13 Oktober 1882 nummer 26 (The military in the Dutch East Indies and the royal order of October 13, 1882), in which he discussed the trial of a Buginese soldier in front of a civil (police) court instead of a military one. In April 1885 Van Deventer quit his job as a member of the Council of Justice in Semarang and was appointed lawyer and attorney at this Council of Justice. In this period of his life Van Deventer was also active as a second lieutenant in the schutterij. That same year, 1885, he quit his job at the Council of Justice and joined the legal practice of LLM B.R.W.A. baronSloet van Hagensdorp and LLM M.H.C. van Oosterzee; he replaced mr. Van Oosterzee, who would return to the Netherlands.

6.     Van der Cappellen

Joan Derk, Baron van der Capellen tot den Pol ,he was aDutch nobleman who played a prominent role in the formation of the Batavian Republic and the revolutionary events that preceded its formation. As a member of the Patriots and inspired by theAmerican Revolution, he wrote the noted pamphlet "To the People of the Netherlands" (in Dutch: "Aan het Volk van Nederland"), in which reclaimed a more liberal society and the end of theStadtholder regime, which had been marked by corruption and nepotism. He was also an ardent supporter in the legal recognition of the recently created United States of America

Van der Capellen became a member of the States of Overijssel in 1772. It was the beginning of his political career. He described himself as a "born regent", but that did not prevent him from being an ardent champion of the Enlightenment ideals and a critic of the Dutch Old Regime.

For that reason, his opponents compared Van der Capellen's public appearance with the style of the English politician John Wilkes. Wilkes criticized the policy of King George III and his ministers, but became very popular. This was partly due to his strategic use of the political press. The press also became a powerful weapon in the hands of Van der Capellen and his patriot friends.

As a member of the States Van der Capellen applied himself to the abolition of the so-called "drostendiensten", which compelled the farmers of Overijssel to labour for a pittance a few days every year for the local magistrate, the Drost ("bailiff"). This relic from medieval times was wrongfully applied in his opinion.

In an address to the States in 1778, he pointed out that these rights had been officially abolished in 1631. He ensured his statement was distributed widely and free of charge among the farmers in the Twenthe region. The reverend François Adriaan van der Kemp was his assistant or ghostwriter.

In the end he won his case but his fellow members in the States excluded him from participation in their deliberations until November 1782.

7.      Willem Janssen

  

   Jan Willem Janssens is the Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies 37th. He replaces Herman Willem Daendels on February 20, 1811 and arrived at the Istana Bogor (Buitenzorg) on May 15, 1811.
      He began his term in a precarious condition. Many soldiers Daendels remains incompetent to be a soldier, so he easily defeated British and forced to surrender on 18 September 1811 to Thomas Stamford Raffles in Tuntang capitulation.
      Due to a very short reign, it can be said that he did not leave anything. Just as if he were assigned to keep the French flag fluttering in the Dutch East Indies for six months.